VPO ⁽²⁾

Judge Joseph Easton Gary — A Closer Look Joseph Gary is one of the more complex and troubling judicial figures of the Gilded Age — a man who saw himself as a pillar of civilization and order, while critics then…

The Haymarket Trial Jury — Names and Backgrounds This is a great question that gets into the granular historical record. The jury composition was heavily documented precisely because it became central to the appeals and the later pardons. Here is…